The feelings of hunger and its opposite satiety are regulated by complex mechanisms in the body. Hunger originates in the stomach, and here a hormone called ghrelin is released when blood sugar and insulin levels drop. This hormone then communicates with the hypothalamus in the brain to trigger the feeling we know as hunger. The hypothalamus regulates the body’s basic body functions such as thirst, sleep and sex drive. The hypothalamus receives a message from ghrelin that the body needs food to keep running efficiently and the hypothalamus releases neuropeptide Y which then stimulates the body’s appetite.
Loss of appetite may only present itself as a symptom when you are discussing other symptoms with your patient. You should determine what is a normal appetite for the patient and if they state they have loss of appetite determine over what time they have noticed their appetite has been decreasing. Also, determine if anything has changed in their life recently which may have led to their appetite decreasing. Asking the patient to keep a food diary recording what they eat each day, and also asking how they feel before they eat and after they eat may be helpful. Ask them whether they have any other symptoms that stop the patient eating like dysphagia, odynophagia or epigastric reflux.
Ensure you perform a full physical examination of the patient, looking for signs of cachexia and considering psychological symptoms including cognitive impairment or flat affect. Weigh the patient and calculate an accurate BMI and compare with any previous values in their medical record.
Loss of appetite has a wide differential diagnosis which is why it is important to establish when the loss of appetite occurred and if other symptoms are present to narrow down the differential diagnosis.
If the loss of appetite has occurred recently and there are symptoms of an acute infection, then their appetite should return when the infection subsides.
This should be considered in any patient presenting with abdominal pain, nausea or vomiting as well as loss of appetite. Symptoms develop quickly and as it is a ‘don’t miss diagnosis’ the patient should be evaluated quickly to determine if present and prevent further complications occurring.
Anorexia nervosa is not caused directly by a loss of appetite, as people with this disorder intentionally avoid eating to prevent weight gain. However, the patient’s relationship with food can lead to a psychological loss of appetite, and as they eat lessl, the body responds with a decreased appetite in an effort to continue running as best as it can. It is important to establish the patient’s relationship with food in your history taking.
Disorders which are not necessarily eating disorders but which have psychological origins, such as depression, can affect the appetite. Patients with depression can forget to eat or may lose interest in food. Symptoms indicating a psychological aetiology may include:
Many reasons for loss of appetite can be caused by this disease. Other symptoms of Crohn’s disease include nausea, abdominal pain, bloating and diarrhea, which can all make the person feel less like eating as they know eating will exacerbate these symptoms and the disease. Many patients also suffer from mouth ulcers which can prevent people from eating. Finally, fatigue caused by Crohn’s disease can mean people won’t prepare healthy meals or do not have the energy to eat properly.
Loss of appetite which has occurred over a prolonged period could indicate an underlying malignancy. It is particularly common in patients who are diagnosed with solid tumor cancers including breast and lung cancer. Weight loss often occurs when a cancer spreads to the liver and impairs its functioning especially when regulating appetite and removing toxins. Weight loss can be an early sign of colon cancer. Losing significant weight such as 10 pounds a month or 10% of a patient’s weight in a span of six months is a cause for concern and malignancy should be considered when seeking out additional symptoms.
To thoroughly investigate the disease causes of a patient’s loss of appetite the following should be actioned:
Loss of appetite has many causes and due to this it is important that this symptom is thoroughly investigated with an accurate work up. If not detected then consequences of loss of appetite can include muscle wasting, decreased immunocompetence, depression and an increased rate of disease complications. A strong correlation exists between weight loss and associated morbidity and mortality so it’s important when a patient presents with this symptom that they are thoroughly examined and all possible causes are considered in their differential diagnosis until a cause is found.
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