A bruise (ecchymosis) is caused by bleeding beneath the skin due to extravasation of blood leaking from surrounding blood vessels. It may develop due to hemostatic abnormalities or due to the blood vessel wall being altered structurally.
There are many causes of easy bruising, ranging from those which are clinically insignificant, to those where underlying diseases could be life-threatening such as severe bleeding disorders or malignancies of the bone marrow. This means appropriate evaluation is crucial to reach the correct diagnosis and offer the best treatment. A structured approach to assessing a patient with easy bruising is therefore essential, incorporating a history, physical examination and ordering correct laboratory studies. A clinical decision support system can also help you research which conditions could be causing the easy bruising in different age groups.
Is a heritable collagen disorder where easy bruising is a characteristic manifestation. EDS is a heterogeneous group of connective tissue diseases sharing clinical manifestations in skin, ligaments and joints, blood vessels and internal organs. Easy bruising can be seen in all subtypes of EDS and is due to vascular fragility affecting capillaries, perivascular connective tissues. In the vascular subtype of EDS it also affects the medium-sized and large arteries, causing larger and more severe bruises which may require treatment in hospital.
This develops when bone marrow stem cells, which normally grow into healthy blood cells, are damaged, resulting in patients experiencing anemia, neutropenia and thrombocytopenia. This then leads to the symptom of easy bruising in the patient along with other symptoms including fatigue, shortness of breath and dizziness.
Vitamin C cannot be made by the human body and is an essential component of a healthy diet as is needed to repair tissues in the body. A prominent symptom of Vitamin C deficiency is easy bruising along with joint and muscle pains. If a patient presents with evidence of a poor diet or if they have travelled from a less developed country where a balanced diet has been an issue then Vitamin C deficiency should be considered if they have easy bruising.
This could present with a rapid onset of fatigue, shortness of breath, fever, rigors and pancytopenia. The patient may also demonstrate easy bruising due to the blood abnormalities which they are experiencing. This is much more common in younger children, and is a red flag diagnosis for that age group.
Easy bruising is commonly seen as a symptom in the older population. As a patient ages the skin becomes thinner and loses some of the protective fatty layer which helps cushion the blood vessels from injury. Therefore, in the older generation a small knock to the arm or leg can result in a substantial bruise forming.
Medications and supplements such as aspirin, anticoagulant medications and anti-platelet agents also reduce the blood’s ability to clot. Some antibiotics have also been associated with clotting problems. As the older generation tend to be on more medications it is also another reason why easy bruising is commonly seen in this age group. The bleeding from capillary damage from a knock may take longer than usual to stop which means more blood leaks out and causes a bigger bruise.
In adults taking topical and systemic corticosteroids for allergies, asthma or eczema easy bruising can occur as the skin is thinner than normal. Therefore, it is important to ensure you have taken a thorough history both in terms of physical, past medical history of conditions the patient has or has experienced and any current medications they are when working up their differential diagnosis.
As well as the leukemias and aplastic anemia mentioned earlier, which can all be life threatening causes of easy bruising, the symptom may be a sign of a life-threatening decrease in platelet count or factor levels. Early recognition of this may prevent severe bleeding complications. The following diagnoses may be life-threatening:
Bruising is a difficult symptom to work up, as causes can be benign or life threatening. A thorough workup and differential diagnosis list is essential to get the best and correct outcomes for a patient. Clinical decision support systems like Isabel may help determine a thorough clinical workup and early recognition of the cause may prevent severe bleeding complications from arising.
Image Attribution: